Anthrax Treatment Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Route of Transmission (Cutaneous Anthrax, Inhalation Anthrax, Gastrointestinal Anthrax, Injection Anthrax), By Drug Class (Antibiotics, Immunoglobulins, Others), By End Use (Hospitals and clinics, Ambulatory surgery centers, Government agencies, Others) and By Region(North America, Europe, APAC, Middle East and Africa, LATAM) Forecasts, 2025-2033

Global Anthrax Treatment Market Size & Trends

The global anthrax treatment market size was valued at USD 422.57 million in 2024 and is projected to grow from USD 453.15 million in 2025 to reach USD 697.82 million by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period (2025-2033).

Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Treatment primarily depends on the form of anthrax—cutaneous (skin), inhalation, gastrointestinal, or injection. Antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and penicillin are the first-line treatments and are most effective when administered early.

Inhalation anthrax, the most severe form, often requires a combination of intravenous antibiotics and antitoxins to counteract the bacterial toxins. Supportive care, including ventilators, fluid therapy, and medications to stabilize blood pressure, may be necessary for severe cases. Moreover, anthrax vaccines are available for high-risk individuals, such as military personnel and laboratory workers, to prevent infection.

The global anthrax treatment market is witnessing steady growth, driven by increasing government investments in biodefense, advancements in vaccine development, and rising awareness of anthrax preparedness. The growing threat of bioterrorism and naturally occurring outbreaks has fuelled demand for effective treatments, including next-generation vaccines, monoclonal antibody therapies, and rapid diagnostics.

• For instance, in August 2024, China reported an anthrax outbreak in Shandong province, infecting five farm workers and leading to the shutdown of a beef cattle farm. All infected livestock were culled, and the affected workers, diagnosed with cutaneous anthrax, were placed under isolation for treatment.

This incident underscores the ongoing risk of zoonotic transmission and highlights the need for stringent livestock monitoring, vaccination programs, and rapid response measures to prevent further outbreaks.

Global Anthrax Treatment Market Trends

Increasing focus on rapid diagnostic tools

The growing need for quick and accurate detection of Bacillus anthracis is driving the development of advanced diagnostic tools. Rapid diagnostics are crucial for early intervention, reducing mortality rates, and preventing large-scale outbreaks, particularly in cases of bioterrorism or natural outbreaks.

• For instance, in December 2023, the SensiTox B. anthracis Toxin Test, developed by BARDA partner First Light Diagnostics, Inc., received U.S. FDA clearance. This test provides rapid and reliable detection of anthrax toxins.

Such innovation in rapid diagnosis tools is crucial for early diagnosis and enabling timely treatment, which boosts market growth.

Innovations in vaccines and treatments

Innovations in anthrax vaccines and treatments are significantly enhancing disease prevention and management. Traditional anthrax vaccines often require multiple doses and extended immunization schedules, prompting research into next-generation vaccines with improved efficacy and shorter administration timelines.

• For instance, in November 2023, the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) awarded Emergent BioSolutions a contract to develop AV7909, a next-generation anthrax vaccine designed to provide faster immunity with fewer doses.

Such innovations in vaccine development for anthrax treatment are crucial for ensuring rapid immunization and improving accessibility and effectiveness in anthrax prevention.

Global Anthrax Treatment Market Drivers

Rising incidents of zoonotic diseases

The increasing prevalence of zoonotic diseases, including anthrax, is a significant driver of the market. As human-livestock interactions grow due to agricultural expansion and climate change, the risk of disease transmission rises. Anthrax outbreaks in cattle, sheep, and other livestock continue to pose serious public health threats, driving demand for vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments.

• For instance, in November 2023, an anthrax outbreak in Zambia led to over 200 suspected human cases and the deaths of hundreds of livestock, prompting emergency vaccination efforts by health authorities.

Such rising zoonotic threats are accelerating investments in disease surveillance, livestock vaccination programs, and biosecurity measures, driving market growth.

Technological advancements in diagnostics

Innovations in diagnostic technologies are enhancing the early detection and management of Bacillus anthracis. Advanced methods such as PCR-based assays, CRISPR-based diagnostics, and portable biosensors enable rapid and highly accurate identification of anthrax.

• For instance, in September 2024, according to the National Library of Medicine, researchers developed a self-calibrated sensor capable of continuously detecting dipicolinic acid (DPA), Cu²+, and cysteine (Cys). This smartphone-assisted mobile sensor facilitates on-site rapid analysis and enables anthrax detection in environmental water and food samples.

Such technological advancements in diagnostics are critical for early intervention, improving patient outcomes, and driving the global anthrax treatment market.

Market Restraining Factors

Limited awareness in developing regions

One of the key challenges in the market is the lack of awareness and inadequate healthcare infrastructure in developing regions. Many rural and agricultural communities, where anthrax outbreaks are more prevalent, have limited knowledge about disease transmission, prevention, and available treatments. This lack of awareness leads to delayed diagnosis, improper handling of infected livestock, and a higher risk of human infections.

Furthermore, limited access to medical facilities, shortages of trained healthcare professionals, and inadequate distribution of antibiotics and vaccines further hinder effective disease management. In some regions, cultural beliefs and distrust in modern medicine also contribute to poor treatment-seeking behavior. Addressing these challenges requires improved health education, enhanced surveillance programs, and better accessibility.

Market Opportunity

Increased focus on biodefense

Governments worldwide are intensifying biodefense strategies to combat bioterrorism threats, creating significant growth opportunities. Bacillus anthracis is classified as a high-priority biothreat agent, prompting increased investments in research, vaccine stockpiling, and rapid response capabilities. Rising concerns over bioterrorism and potential outbreaks have led to a surge in government contracts and funding for pharmaceutical companies specializing in anthrax vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics.

• For instance, in January 2024, the U.S. Department of Defense awarded Emergent BioSolutions a $235.8 million contract to supply BioThrax, an anthrax vaccine, to all branches of the U.S. military for pre-exposure prophylaxis. This contract is part of a broader biodefense initiative aimed at protecting military personnel against potential bioterrorism threats.

Regional Insights

North America: Dominant region with 40.6% market share

North America dominates the global anthrax treatment market, driven by strong biodefense initiatives, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and substantial R&D investments. The U.S. government prioritizes anthrax preparedness through extensive stockpiling of vaccines and antibiotics to counter potential bioterrorism threats.

Agencies such as the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) actively fund research and procurement programs to enhance national biosecurity. The region's well-equipped hospitals, research institutions, and specialized diagnostic centers enable rapid detection and treatment of anthrax cases.

Moreover, regulatory bodies like the FDA streamline the approval process for anthrax countermeasures, accelerating the development and deployment of new vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostic tools.

Asia Pacific: Fastest growing region with the highest market CAGR

Asia-Pacific is projected to experience the fastest CAGR in the global anthrax treatment market due to increasing government initiatives for anthrax preparedness, rising awareness of zoonotic diseases, and expanding healthcare infrastructure. Countries like China, India, and Australia are actively strengthening biosecurity measures, implementing vaccination programs to prevent anthrax outbreaks in livestock and humans, and enhancing disease surveillance. Moreover, growing investments in research and development are fostering advancements in diagnostic technologies and vaccine innovation.

Country Insights

• U.S.- The U.S. anthrax treatment industry leads the global market, driven by significant investments in research, development, and the launch of innovative products. Government agencies such as BARDA and the DoD actively fund biodefense programs, supporting vaccine stockpiling and rapid response strategies. For instance, in March 2023, the FDA granted De Novo classification to the Active Anthrax Detect Plus Rapid Test by InBios International, the first U.S. point-of-care anthrax antigen test.
• Germany- Germany is one of Europe’s largest market for anthrax treatment, supported by robust government biodefense initiatives and advanced healthcare infrastructure. The country prioritizes bioterrorism preparedness through strategic stockpiling of vaccines and therapeutics. Ongoing research in vaccine development, coupled with strong collaborations between pharmaceutical companies and health agencies, enhances Germany’s ability to rapidly respond to potential anthrax outbreaks, strengthening its position in the European market.
• UK - The UK market thrives on strategic partnerships between pharmaceutical firms and public health agencies, fostering innovation in diagnostics and rapid response solutions. The government actively stockpiles vaccines and antibiotics while funding next-generation anthrax treatments. Investments in biodefense initiatives, coupled with ongoing research in vaccine development, enhance the country’s ability to counter potential outbreaks and bioterrorism threats, contributing to market expansion.
• France- France’s market for anthrax treatment is expanding due to recent livestock outbreaks, driving increased demand for vaccines and therapeutic drugs. In August 2024, an anthrax outbreak in livestock led to containment measures and the identification of individuals who had contact with infected carcasses. The regional health agency provided preventive antibiotic treatments, underscoring the country’s need for rapid response solutions and strengthening its market.
• South Korea- South Korea’s market is expanding due to increased government biodefense initiatives, clinical trials, and the launch of new vaccines. In November 2023, GC Biopharma applied for marketing approval of GC1109, a recombinant anthrax vaccine developed with KDCA. If approved, it will be the world’s first recombinant anthrax vaccine, reinforcing South Korea’s leadership in biopharma innovation and strengthening its national preparedness against anthrax threats.
• Japan- Japan is witnessing significant growth in its market for anthrax treatment, driven by advancements in vaccine research, rising investments in diagnostic technologies, and collaborations between research institutions and pharmaceutical companies. Ongoing developments in rapid anthrax detection and treatment solutions are enhancing the country’s biosecurity measures. With increasing government focus on public health and biodefense preparedness, Japan continues to strengthen its market position in anthrax treatment.

Segmentation Analysis

The global anthrax treatment market is segmented into disease type, treatment type, route of administration, and end-user.

By Disease Type

The inhalation anthrax segment leads the market due to its high fatality rate and the need for immediate medical intervention. This form of anthrax, caused by inhaling Bacillus anthracis spores, progresses rapidly and requires advanced diagnostics, intravenous antibiotics, and antitoxins. Governments and healthcare agencies prioritize inhalation anthrax vaccines and therapeutics, particularly for biodefense preparedness, leading to increased investments in research, treatment advancements, and stockpiling initiatives.

By Treatment Type

Antibiotics dominate the market as the primary therapy for all anthrax forms. Widely used drugs such as ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and penicillin effectively eliminate Bacillus anthracis bacteria. Their affordability, accessibility, and proven efficacy make them the preferred choice for both prophylactic and post-exposure treatment. Moreover, government agencies stockpile antibiotics for emergency preparedness, further solidifying their market dominance and driving continuous demand in global healthcare systems.

By Route of Administration

The parenteral route leads the market due to the critical need for rapid drug delivery. Intravenous (IV) antibiotics and antitoxins are essential for treating severe cases, particularly inhalation anthrax, ensuring fast systemic absorption and immediate therapeutic action. Given the aggressive nature of anthrax infection, healthcare providers rely on parenteral administration to maximize treatment effectiveness, improve patient survival rates, and prevent further disease progression.

By End-User

Hospitals are the primary end-users in the market, as they provide essential infrastructure for diagnosing and managing severe infections. They are equipped to administer intravenous antibiotics, antitoxins, and supportive care, particularly for life-threatening cases like inhalation and gastrointestinal anthrax. Moreover, hospitals collaborate with public health agencies for emergency response initiatives, ensuring effective disease containment, patient stabilization, and improved survival outcomes in critical anthrax cases.

Company Market Share

Key players in the industry are focused on adopting key business strategies, such as strategic collaborations, product approvals, acquisitions, and product launches, to gain a strong foothold in the market. Companies are also investing heavily in research and development to enhance vaccine efficacy, expand their product portfolios, and improve diagnostic capabilities.

ICON plc: An emerging player in the global anthrax treatment market

ICON plc is a leading clinical research organization specializing in outsourced development and commercialization services for pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and medical device industries. The company plays a crucial role in anthrax treatment research through collaborations with government agencies.

Recent developments by ICON plc:

• In October 2022, ICON plc was selected by BARDA to conduct a clinical trial on AV7909, a next-generation anthrax vaccine. The study, beginning in 2023, aims to evaluate immune response in healthy adults, enhancing preparedness for potential anthrax emergencies.

Recent Developments

• November 2023 – The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released updated guidelines for the prevention and treatment of anthrax. These guidelines provide comprehensive recommendations on antimicrobial use, post-exposure prophylaxis, and therapeutic strategies tailored to various forms of anthrax infection.

Analyst Opinion

As per our analyst, the market is experiencing steady growth, primarily fueled by increasing government investments, rising awareness of anthrax preparedness, and significant advancements in vaccine and therapeutic development. The persistent threat of bioterrorism, coupled with naturally occurring outbreaks, has intensified the demand for next-generation vaccines, monoclonal antibody therapies, and rapid diagnostic solutions.

Despite these growth drivers, the market faces notable challenges, including limited awareness in developing regions, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and logistical constraints in vaccine distribution. Moreover, regulatory hurdles and the high cost of advanced treatment solutions hinder widespread adoption, particularly in low-income regions.

Nevertheless, emerging economies, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, present untapped opportunities. Expanding healthcare infrastructure, government-led vaccination initiatives, and increased R&D efforts by pharmaceutical companies are strengthening biodefense capabilities and driving market expansion.