Home Automotive & Transportation Railways Locomotive Market

Locomotive Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Type (Diesel Locomotives, Electric Locomotives, Hybrid Locomotives), By End-User (Rail Operators, Industrial Users), By Technology (Conventional Locomotives, Maglev Locomotives, Autonomous Locomotives) and By Region (North America, Europe, APAC, Middle East and Africa, LATAM) Forecasts, 2026-2034

Last Updated: May 25, 2026 | Author: Abhijeet Patil | Format:
Overview TOC Segmentation Methodology
Download Free Sample

Table Of Content

  1. Executive Summary
  2. Research Scope & Segmentation
    1. Research Objectives
    2. Limitations & Assumptions
    3. Market Scope & Segmentation
    4. Currency & Pricing Considered
  3. Market Opportunity Assessment
    1. Emerging Regions / Countries
    2. Emerging Companies
    3. Emerging Applications / End Use
  4. Market Trends
    1. Drivers
    2. Market Warning Factors
    3. Macro Economic Indicators
    4. Geopolitical Impact
    5. Technology Factors
  5. Market Assessment
    1. Porters Five Forces Analysis
    2. Value Chain Analysis
  6. Locomotive Market Size Analysis
    1. Introduction
    2. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Diesel Locomotives
      2. Electric Locomotives
      3. Hybrid Locomotives
    3. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Rail Operators
      2. Industrial Users
    4. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Conventional Locomotives
      2. Maglev Locomotives
      3. Autonomous Locomotives
  7. North America Locomotive Market Size Analysis
    1. Introduction
    2. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Diesel Locomotives
      2. Electric Locomotives
      3. Hybrid Locomotives
    3. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Rail Operators
      2. Industrial Users
    4. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Conventional Locomotives
      2. Maglev Locomotives
      3. Autonomous Locomotives
    5. U.S.
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    6. Canada
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
  8. Europe Locomotive Market Size Analysis
    1. Introduction
    2. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Diesel Locomotives
      2. Electric Locomotives
      3. Hybrid Locomotives
    3. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Rail Operators
      2. Industrial Users
    4. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Conventional Locomotives
      2. Maglev Locomotives
      3. Autonomous Locomotives
    5. U.K.
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    6. Germany
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    7. France
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    8. Spain
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    9. Italy
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    10. Russia
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    11. Nordic
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    12. Benelux
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    13. Rest of Europe
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
  9. APAC Locomotive Market Size Analysis
    1. Introduction
    2. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Diesel Locomotives
      2. Electric Locomotives
      3. Hybrid Locomotives
    3. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Rail Operators
      2. Industrial Users
    4. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Conventional Locomotives
      2. Maglev Locomotives
      3. Autonomous Locomotives
    5. China
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    6. Korea
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    7. Japan
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    8. India
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    9. Australia
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    10. Taiwan
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    11. South East Asia
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    12. Rest of Asia-Pacific
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
  10. Middle East and Africa Locomotive Market Size Analysis
    1. Introduction
    2. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Diesel Locomotives
      2. Electric Locomotives
      3. Hybrid Locomotives
    3. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Rail Operators
      2. Industrial Users
    4. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Conventional Locomotives
      2. Maglev Locomotives
      3. Autonomous Locomotives
    5. UAE
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    6. Turkey
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    7. Saudi Arabia
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    8. South Africa
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    9. Egypt
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    10. Nigeria
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    11. Rest of MEA
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
  11. LATAM Locomotive Market Size Analysis
    1. Introduction
    2. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Diesel Locomotives
      2. Electric Locomotives
      3. Hybrid Locomotives
    3. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Rail Operators
      2. Industrial Users
    4. Locomotive Market Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
      1. Conventional Locomotives
      2. Maglev Locomotives
      3. Autonomous Locomotives
    5. Brazil
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    6. Mexico
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    7. Argentina
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    8. Chile
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    9. Colombia
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
    10. Rest of LATAM
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Size & Forecast By Type 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Diesel Locomotives
        2. Electric Locomotives
        3. Hybrid Locomotives
      3. Market Size & Forecast By End-User 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Rail Operators
        2. Industrial Users
      4. Market Size & Forecast By Technology 2022-2034 (USD MILLION/ Units)
        1. Conventional Locomotives
        2. Maglev Locomotives
        3. Autonomous Locomotives
  12. Competitive Landscape
    1. Locomotive Market Share By Players
    2. M&A Agreements & Collaboration Analysis
    3. Tier Structure Analysis
    4. Recent Developments
  13. Market Players Assessment
    1. GE
      1. Overview
      2. Business Information
      3. Revenue
      4. ASP
      5. SWOT Analysis
      6. Recent Developments
    2. Siemens Mobility
    3. Bombardier Inc.
    4. Alstom
    5. CRRC Corporation Limited
    6. Hitachi Rail
    7. Trinity Industries, Inc.
    8. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
    9. Emerson Electric Co.
    10. Kawasaki Heavy Industries
  14. Research Methodology
    1. Research Data
      1. Secondary Data
        1. Major Secondary Sources
        2. Key Data from Secondary Sources
      2. Primary Data
        1. Key Data from Primary Sources
        2. Breakdown of Primaries
      3. Secondary And Primary Research
        1. Key Industry Insights
    2. Market Size Estimation
      1. Bottom-Up Approach
      2. Top-Down Approach
      3. Market Projection
    3. Research Assumptions
      1. Assumptions
    4. Limitations
    5. Risk Assessment
  15. Appendix
    1. Discussion Guide
    2. Customization Options
    3. Related Reports
  16. Disclaimer
Report Details
−
200+ Trusted Partners
LG Electronics AMCAD Engineering KOBE STEEL LTD. Hindustan National Glass & Industries Limited Voith Group International Paper Hansol Paper Whirlpool Corporation Sony Samsung Electronics Qualcomm Google Fiserv Veto-Pharma Nippon Becton Dickinson Merck Argon Medical Devices Abbott Ajinomoto Denon Doosan Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd LG Chemicals LCY chemical group Bayer Airrane BASF Toyota Industries Nissan Motors Neenah Mitsubishi Hyundai Motor Company Honda CRP Industries Inc pewag LGE Panasonic Lubrizol Corporation Leonardo Johnson & Johnson HB Fuller MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL Hyundai Mobis Amazon
Download Free Sample
Reach out to us
+1 646 905 0080 (U.S.)
+44 203 695 0070 (U.K.)
sales@straitsresearch.com

We are featured on:

Straits Research
Address:
105, Panchshil The Golden Bell,
Koregaon Park Annexe, Mundhwa,
Pune, Maharashtra 411036
Contact Us:
+1 646 905 0080 (U.S.)
+91 8087085354 (India)
+44 203 695 0070 (U.K.)

sales@straitsresearch.com

Quick Links
Help
Verified. Protected. Secure.
Duns
DMCA.com Protection Status
lets-encrypt
Secure Payments:
Secure Payments
Follow Us:
www.straitsresearch.com © Copyright . All rights Reserved.